Inhibitory Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Myelodysplastic Syndrome Cells and Its Mechanism / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the inhibitory effect of ascorbic acid single or combination of decitabine on tumor cells of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and explore its related mechanism.@*METHODS@#The human MDS cell lines SKM-1 and MUTZ-1 were treated with different concentrations of ascorbic acid, and the cell proliferation activity was detected by the CCK-8 assay. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, labile iron pool (LIP), cell cycle, and apoptosis of SKM-1 and MUTZ-1 cells were detected by flow cytometry. The control group, ascorbic acid monotherapy group, decitabine monotherapy group, and combination group of ascorbic acid and decitabine were set up, the cell proliferation activity and apoptosis were detected in each group.@*RESULTS@#High-dose ascorbic acid could reduce the cell proliferation activity of SKM-1 (R=0.886, p=0.000) and MUTZ-1 (R=0.880, p=0.000). With the increase of ascorbic acid concentration, the ROS level in SKM-1 and MUTZ-1 cells increased (r=0.816, r=0.942), the proportion of cells stagnation in G@*CONCLUSION@#High-dose ascorbic acid shows a cytotoxic effect on MDS tumor cells, inhibiting cell proliferation and increasing apoptosis. Ascorbic acid combined decitabine have a synergistic effect of anti-MDS tumor cells.

Research Progress on Pathogenesis of Congenital Pure Red Cell Aplasia---Review / 中国实验血液学杂志

Congenital pure red cell aplasia, also known as Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), is a hereditary disease characterized by pure red cell aplasia and congenital malformation. Its main clinical features are anemia, dysplasia, and tumor susceptibility. Ribosomal protein (RP) gene mutation is the main pathogenesis of DBA. The most common type of gene mutation is RPS19 gene mutation. Heterozygous mutations in as many as 19 RP genes and other non-RP genes mutations have been identified in DBA. This review summarized briedfly the latest research advances in the pathogenesis of DBA.

Advances in the role of helper T cells in autoimmune diseases / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Autoimmune diseases are primary immune diseases in which autoreactive antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes destroy and damage tissue and cellular components, resulting in tissue damage and organ dysfunction. Helper T cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases under certain conditions. This review summarizes recent research on the role of helper T cells in autoimmune diseases from two aspects, helper T cell-mediated production of autoantibodies by B cells and helper T cell-induced activation of abnormal lymphocytes, and provides ideas for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The abnormal expression of helper T cells promotes the differentiation of B cells that produce autoantibodies, which leads to the development of different diseases. Among them, abnormal expression of Th2 cells and T follicular helper cells is more likely to cause antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases. In addition, abnormal activation of helper T cells also mediates autoimmune diseases through the production of abnormal cytokines and chemokines. Helper T cells play an essential role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, and a full understanding of their role in autoimmune diseases is helpful for providing ideas for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Treatment strategies for myeloproliferative neoplasms in Ruxolitinib era / 中国实用内科杂志

The different types of Ph-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm(MPN) possess the same JAK2V617 F mutation. JAK2 inhibitor, ruxolitinib, is only valid in some of MPN, which indicates JAK2 target is not the only molecular pathway of MPN. Epigenetic genes mutations, including TET2 and ASXL1, are involved in the progression and transformation of MPN. In addition, avoiding thromboembolism and reducing the risk of transformation into acute leukemia(AL) or myelofibrosis(MF) still is the therapeutic goal of polycythemia vera(PV) and essential thrombocytosis(ET). The goal of treatment in primary myelofibrosis(PMF) is to improve the quality of life and prolong the survival of patients. For the patients with PMF, stratification based on the efficacy of ruxolitinib and profound genetic detection is a reasonable supplement to the existing of stratification of clinical risk.

Relationship of Peripheral Blood IL-37 Expression with T Lymphocytes Subsets and NK Cells in Patients with Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the correlation of IL-37 with T lymphocytes subsets and NK cells in ITP patients, and to explore its possible mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of ITP.@*METHODS@#Forty-five patients with newly diagnosed ITP(newly diagnosed group), 32 patients of complete remission (remission group) and 22 healthy persons(control group) were selected. The serum level of IL-37 in 3 groups was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA expression of IL-37, IL-17 and IL-18 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells（PBMNC） in 3 groups was measured by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The number of IL-18RαCD4 T cells and Tim-3NK cells in the peripheral blood in 3 groups was detected by flow cytometry (FCM).@*RESULTS@#The serum level of IL-37 in the peripheral blood of ITP patients in the newly diagnosed group was significantly higher than that in the control group and the remission group(P＜0.01) . The expression level of IL-37 in PBMNC of the ITP patients in newly diagnosed group was higher than that in the control group and the remission group(P＜0. 05). The expression level of IL-17 and IL-18 in PBMNC of the ITP patients in newly diagnosed group was higher than that in the control group and the remission group(P＜0. 01); the expression of IL-18Rα in CD4 T cells in newly diagnosed group was significantly higher than that in both the control and the remission group(P＜0.01).The expression of Tim-3 in NK cells in ITP patients was significantly lower than that in the control group (P＜0. 01). In ITP patients, the serum IL-37 level and IL-18RαCD4T cells ratio both negatively correlated with Plt count (r=-0.58, r=-0.48) moreo-ver the serum IL-37 level also negatively correlated with amount of CD4 T cells and NK cells (r=-0.29, r=-0.28), but positively correlated with amount of CD8 T cells (r=0.329).@*CONCLUSION@#The IL-37 and its receptors may play an immunoregulatory role in CD4 T cells and NK cells, the IL-37 may be a therapeutic target for ITP patients.

Inhibitory Effect of Decitabine-inhibeting Methylation of SHP-1 Gene on Proliferation and Apoptosis of MDS Cell Line Skm-1 / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the phenotype and molecular mechanism of DCA on MDS cell model, and to study the response of chemotherapeutic medicines to MDS cells through multiple dimensions, such as cell proliferation, invasion, migration and apoptosis, thus revealing the molecular mechanism of DCA treatment of MDS and its relationship with SHP-1 gene methylation.@*METHODS@#MTT assay was used to determine the survival rate of MDS cells after treated by different concentrations of DCA. The effect of DCA on the invasion and migration of MDS cells was detected by Transwell assay method. Apoplexin V-FITCPI was used to detect apoptosis, the MDS treatment on the mechanism of DCA was investigated by Western blot and Real-time PCR experiment.@*RESULTS@#According to the experiment, it was found that tumor proliferation could be inhibited when MDS skm-1 cells was treated by DCA, and the absorbance was lower and the inhibitory effect was more obvious in the 2.0, 5.0 μmol/L DCA group than in the 0.5 μmol/L DCA group and the negative control group. Compared with the control group, the number of MDS skm-1 cells crossing through the transwell upper chamber was significantly decreased after DCA application. After treated with 0.5, 2.0 and 5.0 μmol/L DCA, the apoptosis rate of MDS cells was 4.54%, 9.31% and 16.58% respectively, while the apoptosis rate of the control group was 3.20%, which shows the apoptosis rate increased significantly with the concentration of DCA. After treatment of MDS cell lines with different concentration of DCA, the methylation status of SHP-1 gene was decreased with the increase of drug concentration, the expression of SHP-1 was increased, the expression of STAT3 was decreased and the level of phosphorylation was decreased.@*CONCLUSION@#By analyzing the phenotypic response of DCA treatment on MDS cells, it was found that interfere with MDS can be performed by inhibiting proliferation, metastasis, and inducing apoptosis in a dose-dependent way. It revealed that the molecular mechanism by DCA treatment can improve the methylation of SHP-1 gene and inhibit the expression of p-STAT3.

Number and Function of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Patients with Adult Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia / 中国实验血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSC) and the level of prostaglandin E2(PGE2) in the bone marrow of adult ITP patients, and to explore their possible mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of this disease.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-five patients of newly diagnosed ITP, 25 patients of complete remission group and 15 patients of control group were selected. The number of MDSC in the bone marrow between 3 groups was detect by flow cytometry (FCM). The serum level of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in 3 groups was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The relative expression of IFN-γ mRNA in bone marrow mononuclear cells was measured by real time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in each groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The number of MDSC in the complete remission group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05); the number of MDSC in the newly diagnosed group was higher than that in the control group; the number of MDSC in the complete remission group was higher than that in the newly diagnosed group. The serum level of PGE2 in bone marrow of ITP patients in the newly diagnosed group was higher than that of the control group（P<0.05）. The serum level of PGE2 in the bone marrow of ITP patients of the complete remission group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05）. The level of PGE2 in bone marrow serum of ITP patients of the newly diagnosed group was lower than that in the complete remission group(P<0.05）. The relative expression level of IFN-gamma in bone marrow mononuclear cells of the ITP patients in newly diagnosed group was higher than that in the control group and the complete remission group（P<0.001）. The relative quantification (RQ) of IFN-γ in bone marrow mononuclear cells was 2.60 between the newly diagnosed group and the complete remission group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>When adult ITP disease is remitted, the number of MDSC rises and correlates with the therapeutic response and PGE2 level in the bone marrow.</p>

Precision diagnosis and therapy of myelodysplastic syndrome based on disease nature and our facility / 天津医药

@#The essence of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a malignant clonal bone marrow myeloid neoplasm. Both basic researches and clinical studies should firmly grasp this essence of MDS and should not be interferenced by confounding factors. Comprehensive diagnosis can improve the accuracy of MDS diagnosis by multiple indicators that reflect the malignant nature, such as cell dysplasia, function abnormalities, cytogenetic changes and gene mutations. The therapy of MDS should also eradicate the MDS clone, change the disease progression, stimulating normal hematopoiesis, prolong the survival and improve the quality of life.

Subtype and Functional Biomarker Changes of NK Cells in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome / 中国实验血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the subtype and functional biomarker expression changes of natural kill cells(NK) in peripheral blood of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome(MDS) and normal people, so as to evaluate the relationships between these changes and hematopoietic functions and to explore the role of NK cells in the pathogenesis of MDS.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The quantity of NK cells and the expression of biomarkers(NKp30,NKp46,NKG2A) on NK cells were detected by flow cytometry in 35 MDS patients from 2015 to 2016 in our hospital and 34 normal controls. The correlation between these changes and hematopoietic functions, including the percentages of neutrophil(ANC), hemoglobin in peripheral blood and the hematopoietic function in bone marrow(CD34%) were evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The percentage and quantity of NK cells and CD56NK cells in MDS patients were significantly lower than those in normal controls(P<0.05); the percentage of CD56NK cells was higher than that in controls. The percentage of CD56NK cells in NK cells of MDS patients was significantly lower than that of controls; the percentage of CD56NK cells in NK cells of MDS patients was significantly higher than that of controls. The expression of NKp30 and NKp46 of MDS patients was significantly lower than that of controls. In MDS group, the percentage of NK cells and CD56NK cells of peripheral blood lymphocytes in high risk MDS group was significantly lower than that in low risk MDS group. The percentage of NK and CD56NK cells negatively correlated with that of CD34% in bone marrow, but positively correlated with ANC and Hb. The CD34% in bone marrow negatively correlated with expression of NKp46, but positively correlated with expression of NKG2A.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The decrease of NK number and function may cause the immune surveillance and lead to disease progression.</p>

Latest Research Advance of Myeloproliferative Diseases Related Genes-Review / 中国实验血液学杂志

JAK2, MPL and CALR gene mutations play an important role in the onset of myeloproliferative disease(MPD). The latest researches show that the difference of ATP binding ability between the wild type JAK2 protein and mutated JAK2 protein can help us understand the pathogenesis of the MPD further, and the clinical manifestation is related to the mutation burden of the JAK2. In some ET and PMF patients, research find the expression of MPL mutation, which can affects the progress of the disease by collaborating with the JAK2 mutation. CALR mutation is a gene related with the MPD that has been found recently. The pathogenesis of the CALR is similar to that of the JAK2, while there are some features in clinical manifestation comparing with the other mutations.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism of Mitochondrial DNA D-LOOP Region in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Immuno-related Pancytopenia Patients / 中国实验血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-LOOP region in peripheral blood lymphocytes of immuno-related pancytopenia (IRP) patients and its correlation with immune parameters.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The D-LOOP region in mitochondrial DNA of lymphocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 43 patients with untreated IRP was detected by polymerase chain reaction(PCR). The PCR products were sequenced by the pros and cons direct sequencing methods. The sequencing results were compared with the revised Cambridge reference sequence (rCRS) and the Polymorphic Sites of Human Mitochondrial Genome Database.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among total of 110 variant positions of D-LOOP region in 43 patients, 62 was SNP sites and 48 was mutation sites, of which 14 were the new mutation sites not yet registered in the database, 516 base variations were observed at 110 positions, the most common variations were base substitutions, among them T/C and A/G was 184/410 and 113/410 respectively. In the 110 variant positions, the high frequency variation sites were 73 and 263 for 43/43,311 for 32/43,310 and 16 224 for 27/43,16 519 for 25/43, 489 and 16 362 for 24/43. By the analysis of mitochondrial DNA D-LOOP polymorphism and related clinical immunology indicators of the patient's lymphocytes, it was found that D-loop in adult patients (age≥ 18 years old) significantly correlated with CD15 IgM, GLYCoACells IgM, CD34CellsIgG, CD34Cells IgM correlation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The high frequency of polymorphism exists in mitochondrial DNA D-loop region of lymphocytes in IRPA patients, and was significantly correlates with the autoantibodies in bone marrow mononuclear cells in adult patients, which may be associated with the IRP occurrence.</p>

Prophylaxis of Bortezomib-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Multiple Myeloma by High-Dose Intravenous Mecobalamin / 中国实验血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the efficacy and safety of high-dose intravenous mecobalamin (HDIME) for the treatment of bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy(BIPN) in the patients with multiple myeloma (MM).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 65 newly diagonsed patients with multiple myeloma receiving bortezomib in Tianjin Medical University General Hospital were enrolled in this single-centre randomized clinical trial from July 2012 to May 2016. Out of 65 patients 38 in control group received bortezomib-based chemotherapy and 27 patients in HDIME group received the additional high-dose intravenous mecobalamin.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence of BIPN in HDIME group was lower than that in control group(29.63% vs 55.26%, χ=4.197,P<0.05). Whether the BIPN rate of Grade 2 or 3 and above in HDIME group significantly decreased as compared with control group(18.52% vs 47.37%,χ=5.746,P<0.05) (3.71% vs 21.05%, χ=3.983,P<0.05). The BIPN rate of less than 5 cycles of bortezomib was not significantly different between HDIME and control groups(χ=2.714,P>0.05). Overall effective rate of HDIME group and control group was 77.78% and 73.68%(P>0.05) respectively. Neither PFS nor OS was significantly different between HDIME group and control group(P>0.05). Treatment-related toxicity was only mild rash in 1 case. No other side-effects including nausea, abdominal pain, and hypotension occurred.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HDIME has a good efficacy for the prophylaxis BIPN and and without serious side effects.</p>

Bone Marrow Microenvironment and Myelodysplastic Syndromes--Review / 中国实验血液学杂志

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of bone marrow failure diseases. The bone marrow microenvironment consists of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC), growth factors and cytokines. The BMSC supporting haemopoiesis include mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), osteoblasts, endothelial cells and macrophages, but the adipocytes play a role in the suppression of hematopoiesis. Recently more and more researches indicate that the abnormality of bone marrow microenvironment involves in the pathogenesis and progression of MDS. In this review the abnormality of MDS bone marrow microenvironment is summarized briefly.

Expression and Significance of HOXA9 in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes / 中国实验血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression pattern of HOXA9 in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients and its relation with clinical characteristics and treatment response.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The mRNA and protein expression levels of HOXA9 in bone marrow cells from 33 cases of MDS, 12 cases of AML, 20 cases of ITP and 18 normal controls were detected by real-time guautitative PCR(RT-PCR) and flow cytometry, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The percentage of HOXA9(+)/CD34(+) and HOXA9(+)/CD34(+)CD38(-) in MDS patients were significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05), and the mRNA and protein expression of HOXA9 in MDS patients had a similar trend. The percentages of HOXA9(+)/CD34(+) and HOXA9(+)/CD34(+)CD38(-) before decitabine treatment were (50.64±27.59)% and (55.67±28.57)% respectively, which were both higher than those in control group (P<0.05). After decitabine treatment, expression of HOXA9 significantly decreased (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HOXA9 is overexpressed in MDS patients and associated with several clinical characteristics. The detection of HOXA9 expression may have guide roles for diagnosis and treatment of MDS patients.</p>

Influence of Costimulatory Signaling Molecules on Immun Functons of B Lymphocytes in Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenia / 中国实验血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effect of costimulatory signaling molecules (CD80, CD86) expression on the quantity and function of B lymphocytes in peripheral blood (PB) of the patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 55 ITP patients (30 cases were newly diagnosed and 25 cases were in remission), 25 healthy volunteers as controls were enrolled in this study. The levels of CD19(+)CD5(+), CD19(+)CD80(+), CD19(+)CD86(+), CD41a(+)IgG, CD41a(+)IgM and IgG, IgM in CD19(+)B cells were measured by flow cytometry (FCM). The correlation of CD19(+)B cells with clinical parameters of ITP patients was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The level of B1 (CD19(+)CD5(+)) of newly diagnosed ITP patients was significantly higher than that of remitted ITP patients and controls (P<0.05). The level of CD19(+)CD80(+) of newly diagnosed ITP patients was significantly higher than that of remitted ITP patients and controls (P<0.05). And the expression of IgG and IgM in CD19(+)B cells of newly diagnosed ITP patients was significantly higher than that of remitted ITP patients and controls (P<0.05). The levels of IgG and IgM in remitted ITP patients after treatment were significantly lower than that before treatment (P<0.05). The level differences of IgG and IgM before and after treatment in refractory ITP patients were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The expression of CD19(+)CD80(+) in newly diagnosed ITP patients positively correlated with the level of Th1 and Th1/Th2 (r=0.502, r=0.471, P<0.05). The expression of CD19(+)CD80(+) of newly diagnosed ITP patients positively correlated with the level of IgG and IgM in CD19(+)B cells (r=0.552, r=0.467, P<0.05), and negatively correlated with PB platelet count (r= -0.424, P<0.05). The levels of IgG and IgM in CD19(+)B cells of newly diagnosed ITP patients negati- vely correlated with PB platelet count (r=-0.658, r=-0.526, P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The enhacement of costimulatory signaling pathway of CD19(+)B cells in ITP patients results in the abnormal activation of B lymphocytes, thereby mediates the dysfunction of immune system and involves in the pathogenesis of ITP.</p>

Recent advances of studies on abnormal HOX gene in myelodysplastic syndromes and its molecular mechanisms / 中国实验血液学杂志

HOX gene encodes a group of homeodomain transcription factors which are highly conserved. The caudal-type homeobox (CDX) , ten-eleven translocation (TET) genes and polycomb group (PcG) , trithorax group (TrxG) proteins act as upstream regulators of HOX genes that manipulate the targeted gene expression through genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. The abnormal expression of HOX genes and their fusions contribute to myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) pathogenesis. Aberrant DNA methylation and NUP98-HOX translocation serve as molecular mediators of dysfunction in MDS which can be used for the evaluation of biology and therapy. This article provides an overview of recent advances of studies on HOX gene and its abnormal molecular mechanisms, as well as potential correlation with MDS.

Correlation between IgG subtypes and hematological diseases / 中国实验血液学杂志

IgG is the main immunoglobulin, brings the immunolgic effects in body. The human IgG can be divided into four kinds; IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, respectively. The structures of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 are different, therefore, their functions are also different. The defects, increase or imbalance of the IgG subtypes in autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, cancer and other diseases are indicators of the immune response. IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 also play a different important roles in the disease progress. The analysis of IgG subtypes is beneficial to study the etiology, pathogenesis and prognosis of above menthioned deseases. This review briefly summarizes the characteristics of IgG subtypes in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hemophilia, lymphoma and leukemia.

Advances in ex vivo expansion and immunotherapy application of regulatory T cells / 中国实验血液学杂志

CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) play a fundamental role in the establishment and maintenance of immune tolerance. In a some of experimental models, it was found that Tregs can quench autoimmune diseases, maintain allogeneic transplants, and prevent allergic diseases. A major obstacle to their clinical application is related to their definitive phenotype and very limited number of these cells in peripheral circulation, no more than 5%-10% of total CD4+ T cells. Recent progress of technologies for Treg sorting with multicolor flow cytometry and immuno-absorbing columns has overcome these obstacles, and opened the doors to the clinical application of Treg. This review highlight the characteristics of Treg, describe the current information of cell sorting and ex vivo expansion techniques, and outline the adoptive transfer experiments and clinical trials of immunotherapy that have been developed in recent years. It is foreseeable that Treg adoptive transfusion will be a promising immunosuppressive therapy.

Recent Advances of Researches on Expression, Function and Regulation of CD22 / 中国实验血液学杂志

CD22 is a type I transmembrane protein expressed on most mature B lymphocyte, and plays a significant role in signal transduction pathways. CD22 acts as a co-receptor of the B-cell receptor (BCR) that inhibits the BCR signaling by antigen-receptor interaction. The phosphorylation of CD22 can be triggered by cross-linking of CD22 with the BCR through antigen, then predominantly triggers the dephosphorylation and inactivation of downstream proteins and inhibit the BCR signaling. Autoimmune disease could be caused by the abnormal expression or dysfunction of CD22 which interrupts BCR signaling and then influences the quantity and function of B cells. The further study of the function and regulation of CD22 would help us understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease and setting theoretical basis for its targeting treatment. In this article, the structure and expression of CD22, the ligands of CD22, the regulation of BCR and transmenbrane signaling, the effect of CD22 on B cells, and CD22 and autoimmune diseases were reviewed.

Follicular Helper T Cells and Expression of PD-1 in Mice with Myelodysplastic Syndrome / 中国实验血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the complete blood count, morphological changes, follicular T helper (Tfh) cells and expression of PD-1 in bone marrow and spleen of mice with myelodysplastic syndrome(MDS) and to explore their significance in pathogenesis of MDS.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The 10 male NUP98-HOXD13 transgenic mice and 10 male homologous wild-type C57BL/6J mice were used for experments. The complete blood count, morphological change of NUP98-HOXD13 transgenic mice and wild-type C57BL/6J were detected by routine methods. The level of Tfh cells and expression of PD-1 in bone marrow and spleen were measured by flow cytometry. The PD-1 mRNA of bone marrow mononuclear cells and spleen cells were analyzed by real-time PCR method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The counts of RBC, neutrophile and platelet in above- mentioned transgenic mice were less than that in wild type C57BL/6J mice. As compared with wild type C57BL/6J mice, the morphology of RBC and platelet in transgenic mice was some abnormal, including bi-nucleated erythrocytes, ringed mucleated neutrophil and erythroblastic islands. The count of Tfh cells in transgenic mice was less than that in wild type mice, but the expression of PD-1 was higher. The expression of BMMNC PD-1 mRNA was obviously higher than that in wild type mice.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The pancytopenia and dysplasia, decrease of Tfh cells and increase of PD-1 expression have been observed in NUP98-HOXD13 transgenic mice, which may be one of important reasons for promoting malignant clone and leading to impair anti immune respones.</p>